# Elite Genetic Goats: A Path to Climate Resilient Livestock
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Gene-Edited Livestock
In a laboratory barn in Pullman, Washington, a goat known as #1962 serves a vital role: his primary mission is to reproduce. This goat is part of a groundbreaking initiative involving the world's first gene-edited "Super Daddy" or "Surrogate Sire" goat, designed to transmit the superior genetics of another elite male instead of his own. Jon Oatley, PhD, a reproductive biologist and project leader, has dedicated two decades to this concept, which he believes is crucial for breeding livestock that can produce greater amounts of meat, dairy, and fiber while adapting to climate change.
"As the climate evolves and populations expand, we are demanding more from animals with fewer resources," Oatley states in an interview with Future Human. "Altering genetics represents a fundamental variable that can enhance an animal's ability to convert inputs into outputs."
The process of creating surrogate sires involves two main steps, as outlined in a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Initially, the gene-editing technique CRISPR is employed to produce sterile male goats, pigs, and cattle. Subsequently, stem cells from another male of the same species are implanted into their testicles, leading to the birth of a male capable of passing on the genetics of a different male. This six-year collaboration involves researchers from WSU, Utah State University, the University of Maryland, and the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh.
The video titled "Joe Rogan | This Past Weekend w/ Theo Von #403" delves into the intricacies of genetic advancements and their implications for agriculture and climate resilience.
Chapter 2: The Role of Surrogate Sires in Climate Adaptation
The initiative of surrogate sires aims to expedite the breeding of livestock that can withstand climate-related challenges. For example, the Nelore cattle breed, well-suited to Brazil's extreme conditions, exemplifies this approach. With its loose, black skin and white hair that reflect sunlight, the Nelore thrives in heat and resists insects. While it produces less meat than the Aberdeen Angus, which is the favored beef cow in the U.S., it is better adapted to the Brazilian environment.
Imagine a gene-edited Nelore bull that can utilize Angus semen; when mated with Nelore females, he could produce numerous crossbred offspring that are both climate-resilient and meat-efficient. This innovative breeding could lead to a new breed that thrives in South America while also maximizing meat production.
The concept of surrogate sires is revolutionary, Oatley explains. Once established, these animals can yield genetic enhancements through straightforward breeding methods. All that is required of these "super daddies" is to breed, capitalizing on their natural instincts.
Section 2.1: Addressing Genetic Challenges in Developing Nations
In developing countries, livestock has often been bred for mere survival, as noted by Steve Kemp, PhD, from the University of Edinburgh. "While these animals excel at staying alive, they do little else but contribute to greenhouse gas emissions," he mentions. Currently stationed in Kenya, Kemp leads livestock genetics initiatives aimed at improving nutrition and food security through enhanced livestock farming.
As livestock plays a crucial role for vulnerable populations in regions where crop cultivation is challenging, the need for resilient animals is more pressing than ever. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, approximately 60% of global agricultural lands are unsuitable for crop production but can be utilized for livestock. Unlike crops, animals can be relocated during extreme weather events, enhancing their survivability.
Globally, around 1.3 billion individuals rely on livestock for their livelihoods. However, climate-induced disasters led to a staggering 36% decline in livestock productivity between 2006 and 2016. This alarming trend, compounded by the anticipated addition of 2 billion people in the next 30 years, necessitates a greater focus on livestock production to ensure food security.
Section 2.2: The Need for Improved Genetics
The increased demand for meat poses a paradox, as livestock contributes to 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the solution lies in improving livestock quality rather than increasing numbers. Developed countries, such as the U.S., have managed to enhance livestock productivity significantly, with emissions now accounting for only 4% of total greenhouse gases due to selective breeding practices.
Unfortunately, similar techniques have not been effective in developing nations. "The history of animal breeding in Africa is filled with failed attempts," Kemp asserts. The average cow in these regions produces only one to four liters of milk daily, compared to the much higher yields seen in developed countries.
While various factors contribute to lower productivity, genetics plays a critical role. Smallholders, who produce about 80% of food in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, often find themselves trapped in cycles of poor genetics, leading to unproductive and unhealthy animals. The solution lies in introducing superior genetics.
Section 2.3: Overcoming Barriers to Genetic Improvement
A significant hurdle to improving livestock genetics is the supply chain logistics involved in artificial insemination (A.I.). A.I. has shown remarkable success in boosting livestock performance, particularly in the U.S. dairy sector. However, challenges arise in developing nations where farmers may miss heat cycles or lack access to appropriate genetic material.
Kemp highlights the efficiency of community-based breeding programs, which encourage farmers to share their best animals to enhance local herds. However, genetic improvements are limited by the quality of nearby animals. Surrogate sires can facilitate the introduction of genetics from around the world.
The excitement surrounding goats like #1962 lies in their potential to revolutionize livestock breeding. "By introducing elite semen into numerous males and utilizing them as live storage units, we can significantly enhance livestock genetics," Kemp explains.
Chapter 3: CRISPR and the Future of Livestock Breeding
While American farmers are not facing the same productivity crisis, the potential for surrogate sires to improve U.S. livestock remains significant, particularly in their efficiency in converting feed into meat and dairy products. This advancement could positively impact the overall agricultural landscape.
The concept of creating surrogate sires has long been sought after in livestock breeding. Elite male genetics can dramatically enhance herd quality, as a single exceptional male can produce hundreds or thousands of offspring annually. However, achieving this requires ensuring that surrogate sires are sterile, necessitating stem cell injections into their testicles.
To address the challenge of creating sterile males, Oatley and his team leveraged the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool. They successfully eliminated the fertility gene known as NANOS2 in mammals, resulting in what are termed "knockout" males—normal animals that are sterile.
Chapter 4: Regulatory and Public Perception Challenges
Despite the scientific advancements, Oatley anticipates that regulatory hurdles and public perception will pose the most significant challenges in implementing surrogate sires at the farm level. "We must act swiftly. If we desire to maintain civilization and ensure food security, these innovations are essential," he insists.
While further research is needed to enhance sperm production, Oatley is optimistic about the potential applications of surrogate sires across various mammalian species, including endangered ones. However, regulatory frameworks in the U.S. pose obstacles, as gene-edited livestock must undergo rigorous review before entering the food supply chain.
The public's perception of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains a hurdle, with many individuals expressing concerns about their health implications. Yet, the precision of CRISPR techniques, which allow for targeted gene edits without introducing foreign genetic material, differentiates it from traditional GMO practices.
In conclusion, while goat #1962 awaits approval to breed in a conventional farming context, his existence symbolizes a pivotal advancement in livestock genetics that could help address the pressing challenges of food security in a changing climate.